In principle yes, but AOSP derivatives without e.g. Google Play are not allowed to be marketed as Android, see e.g. on Wikipedia:

While AOSP is free, the “Android” name and logo are trademarks of Google, which imposes standards to restrict the use of Android branding by “uncertified” devices outside their ecosystem.

Or in the FAQ of AOSP:

The function of the Android Compatibility Program is to define a baseline implementation of Android that is compatible with third-party apps written by developers. Devices that are Android compatible are eligible to participate in the Android ecosystem, including Google Play; devices that don’t meet the compatibility requirements exist outside of that ecosystem.

In other words, the Android Compatibility Program is how we separate Android-compatible devices from devices that merely run derivatives of the source code. We welcome all uses of the Android source code, but to participate in the Android ecosystem, a device must be identified as Android-compatible by the program.