Don’t throw in all of europe into one pot. The banks in my country still sell separate PIN machines for 2FA, which work great.
Oh right, I completely forgot about the separate device that you have to plug into your computer and then also plug your card into the deviceand then enter your pin. It’s almost as convenient as having the phone app!
You are talking about the id card reader, not independent 2FA devices that generate codes. Also, in some countries you can get a SIM card with special certificates that can be used for identification and document signing, they work on virtually any modern phone. I think that feature uses the SMS protocol underneath, but I couldn’t find the confirmation.