Does ActivityPub send those to other instances, or does ActivityPub only send the original post and the rest (upvotes, downvotes, replies) are stored only on the original server where the post was made?
Downvotes do federate, but it uses protocol extensions to do it. So the downvotes won't federate to Mastodon, but it does for Lemmy and I think Kbin too
Votes federate with standard Like
and Dislike
activities which are part of Activitypub. It’s just that some platforms like Mastodon can’t handle Dislikes.