Scraping Together the Raw Materials
In stark contrast to Europe, which enjoyed an abundance of high-quality iron, Japan’s geographical limitations meant that the availability of good iron ore was scarce. Japanese bladesmiths had to work with whatever they could find, which was often of inferior quality. Despite these challenges, the Japanese developed a process to create their own steel, known as tamahagane or jewel steel.
Tamahagane was produced through a labor-intensive method that involved smelting iron sand and charcoal in traditional clay furnaces called tatara. This process required an intricate… read more
I really want the Japanese blacksmith to be on the left side and the weeb to be on the right side
“The steel was folded over 10,000 times!”
“We fold to get all the shit out.”
Small details/tidbits of further info, referring to the article that OP linked:
Firstly, it helped distribute and eliminate impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus, which were common in the tamahagane steel. Removing these impurities significantly improved the overall quality and durability of the blade.
Those two impurities are specially “poisonous” to steel, because they make it harder to work with and the end result is excessively brittle and easy to snap. Phosphorus technically makes it harder, but meh - if you need it harder, add carbon instead. For most part you won’t want more than 0.05% of the weight of your steel in either phosphorus or sulphur. So it’s no surprise that the Japanese blacksmiths were trying to beat it out of their steel.
Another impurity that they were likely beating out through the folding method was carbon. Carbon in steel needs to be within a certain range, ideally ~0.8%. (For reference, tamagahane was often around 0.5%~0.7%, rather close). As I said above it does make the steel harder, but also brittler; that’s bad for a sword, it’ll chip and break in no time. Note that steel with high carbon content is often not even considered “steel” but “iron” - like pig iron (~96% iron, ~4% carbon).
Centuries earlier, the Vikings had already employed a similar method known as pattern-welding to enhance the strength and resilience of their swords.
Odds are that it was even earlier. Toledo steel for example was produced in Carthaginian times, and it requires a rather similar folding technique - not to beat the impurities out, but to combine two types of steel together. (One was high-carbon steel giving it additional hardness, another was low-steel carbon for malleability. Some folks want to eat the cake and have it too.)