1. Provocative: Offering simplistic solutions in an ever-complex world.

2. Missed Opportunities: Failure to reform parliamentary and democratic institutions, as seen in Renzi’s unsuccessful attempt.

3. Post-2008 Fallout: Economic challenges exacerbated by Germany’s austerity policies, evident during the Covid pandemic.

4. Middle-Class Struggles: Ignored or worsened by neoliberal reforms, coupled with challenges of an aging society.

5. Disinformation Game: Undemocratic players like Russia and China exploit Western disparities to destabilize opinions.

In summary, it’s a confluence of economic, ecological, and political challenges ignored for years. Neoliberal and conservative leaders failed to prepare the public for these fast-approaching changes. The current era of transformation is overwhelming, with parties seeking change challenging the status quo.

Right-wing and fascist parties globally tap into the frustration, promoting a familiar narrative: “Return to simpler times by blaming refugees, migrants, trans, homosexuals, and others. We offer stability and structure.” It’s a playbook used a century ago and likely to resurface in the next crisis.