edit: Don’t do this. Embrace modernity and don’t pollute the soil.
There are still places which basically make rural roads like this. They spray down a layer of heavy oil and then scatter small rock chips and recycled asphalt on top of of the sticky layer to make a roadway. Obviously it’s not suitable for heavy use, but it’s way faster than actually paving the surface.
Chip sealing! I know the process as they still do this for neighborhood streets around here. The oil is more like a tar and solidifies as it cools thus ‘gluing’ the chips to the older road surface. Sort of a stopgap before having to repave completely. I don’t think this is done on dirt surfaces as it doesn’t seem workable.
This process is pretty different than what I described originally. The dirt roads only hold those oils for a relatively short period.
Highway engineer here. It’s asphalt (or bitumen), which is a product of crude oil refining. It’s all the stuff that stays at the bottom when you heat crude up to over 1000°F. Because it’s so sticky & viscous, it has to be heated up to around 300°F in order to be used. Asphalt is the “binder” in a pavement mixture that includes silt, sand, and rocks in various quantities and sizes, and these days the asphalt binder is usually modified in some way to improve its performance in the climate or application it’s going to be used in.
A chipseal is made by spreading a continuous layer of small rocks on a prepared surface and spraying the hot asphalt over it after, which binds the rocks together. It’s similar to Macadam pavement which was developed in the early 1800s and continued to be used well into the 1900s, often as a base layer for a more modern hot-mix asphalt pavement. Tar used to be used in paving a lot, but tar is made from coal and environmental regulations don’t allow it anywhere that I know of. There’s also a more state of the art technique that involves a looser layer of slightly larger stones, sprayed with a modified asphalt emulsion (modified in this case meaning with rubber or polymer for elasticity, and emulsion meaning it’s mixed with water to make it easier to work with), called a stress-absorbing membrane interlayer, used for reducing reflective cracking from an existing pavement surface into a new overlay surface. Modified asphalts & emulsions are often used for chipseals these days, too.
Lecture over.
